“进村闻声不见人·进村见树不见房”——陕州地坑院见闻
地坑院是全国乃至世界唯一的地下古民居建筑,被誉为地平线下的古村落、人类穴居的活化石、地下的北京四合院……是我国特有的四大古民居建筑之一。2005年地坑院被河南省文物局列为省级文物保护单位,2006年被中国艺术摄影家学会命名为摄影创作基地。
据专家考证,地坑院有六千多年的历史,早在庙底沟文化时期就已经有了地坑院的雏形。20世纪前期,德国人鲁道夫斯基在《没有建筑师的建筑》一书中向全世界介绍了地坑院。书中刊载了4幅航拍的陕县地坑院村落照片。像这样的村庄现存200多个,有地坑院12000余座,保存最完整现存时间最久的地坑院已有300多年。这种神秘、奇特的民居,在中国乃至世界都是独一无二的。
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地坑院具有坚固耐用、冬暖夏凉、挡风隔音、防震抗震的特点,冬季窑内温度在摄氏10度以上,夏天保持在摄氏20度左右,人们称它是“天然空调,恒温住宅”。进入村内,只闻人言笑语,鸡鸣犬吠,却不见村舍房屋,“进村不见人,见树不见村”就是它的真实写照。2011年,地坑院营造技艺被列入国家级非物质文化遗产保护名录。随着旅游业的发展,地坑院因奇、特、朴、真,吸引着广大中外游客,住地坑窑院、沐浴温泉神水、吃民间小吃、看豫西民俗风情、成为景区旅游的亮点。
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